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Purpose of the Obelisk
The Obelisks held a great symbolism and purpose behind them as they held an important religious value which represented the ben-ben, which was a primordial mound where Atum stood at the creation of the world many ancient and Greco-Roman Egyptians believed the Bennu or Phoenix bird, which is known its cry has the power to awaken creation and was linked to signifying the daily renewal, morning star plus marked the end world with its great cry which in a way mirrored the cyclical nature of creation. The Bennu bird was linked greatly to the sun god Ra as it symbolized light and life, which is seen in the epic city of Heliopolis, which became the center of solar worship.
The connection between the sun god Ra, the Bennu Bird, and the Obelisk increased heavily in the New Kingdom period when the worship of Ra also increased. The obelisks always came in pairs, which were symbols of true harmony and balance, which is able to shed light on the duality value in the heart of the Egyptian society, which highlighted the complementary nature of opposites, thus conforming to the essential unity of the entire existence. The sole purpose of creating the obelisk was to honor the incredible heritage of many rulers and gods in order to achieve absolute immortality plus even commemorate a number of very important events. Offerings were presented to obelisks, which was similar to the temple rituals. The obelisks reflected a deep connection between ancient Egyptian culture and celestial phenomena.
The Obelisk Architecture
The architecture of the obelisk is an epic monolithic stone pillar that was placed in pairs at the grand entrance of the ancient Egyptian temples. The Obelisks are carved from a single piece of red granite harvested from the Aswan quarried. They are recognized for their incredible shape, which is wider at the base and tapering to a pyramidal top, often covered with an alloy called electrum, made of gold and silver. Both sides of the obelisk shafts are decorated with marvelous hieroglyphs that possess religious dedications for the rulers and the solar gods and creatures. The obelisk was crafted to match the dimensions of the targeted temple plus its intended location.
The pyramidion on top of the obelisk had to be designed to catch the last and first rays of the sun, which needed ideal height and positioning. The tools used for crafting the obelisks included using metals like copper and diorite. Many techniques were used to extract the stone from the bedrock, which required wooden wedges. Many facts about the carving and moving of the obelisk are documented and understood, but the method of raising them remains a mystery to this very day. It is worthy to know that the obelisks served as a training ground for developing a number of skills much like the pyramid construction.
Developments of the Obelisks Across the Eras
The development of the obelisk started as a stone pillar with a highly distinctive tapered top, which formed a marvelous pyramidion that was placed on a great base in order to immortalize and glorify many great gods, events, and rulers. The concept of the obelisks rose from the early dynastic period, where the step pyramid was constructed around 2560 BC.
The development of the obelisk led to the rise of a marvelous skill in working with stone in future monumental projects. The oldest known surviving obelisk date to the reign of Sesostris I which is found in Heliopolis and has a height of 80 ft in height and weighs 143 tons.
Spread of Obelisks
The spread of the obelisk came due to a multifaced symbolism that showcased the eternal immortality and vitality of the pharaoh; plus, it stood as a symbol of duality and balance. They personified the powers of the gods, like the sun god Ra. They were constructed and placed in strategic spots so that they could witness the first and last light of the day. They acted as some form of sundials, which indicated Ra's journey across the boundaries of the sky and the underworld, where he protected the kingdom from the evil serpent Apophis.
The spread of the obelisk continued as a tradition across the next centuries as many rulers like Hatshepsut, Ramesses the Great, Amenhotep III, and more across the shining land of Thebes. Many great foreign cultures, like the Phoenicians and Canaanites, produced obelisks inspired by the Egyptian model. Across the world are a number of obelisks that were transported in the Roman era from Egypt to Italy. Dozens of obelisks were taken to Rome as seen in the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano that was made by Thutmose III at Karnak Temples Complex. Around the 19th century, a number of obelisks were able to find their way to Britain and the United States.
Famous Obelisks Around the World
During the Roman Empire, many obelisks were transported from Egypt to places like Rome, where they were prominently displayed. Some of these massive monuments, such as the one in Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano, originally created around 1400 BCE, weigh around 455 tons and remain among the largest surviving ancient obelisks. The ancient Egyptians would usually place them in pairs at the entrance of the temples in keeping with the Egyptian values of balance and harmony. Some obelisks still hold their location, but some were moved from their original position by a foreign nation or given as a gift by the Egyptian government, such as:
Within Egypt, there are eight obelisks which are:
Pharaoh Thutmosis I, Karnak Temple, Luxor
Pharaoh Ramses II, Luxor Temple
Pharaoh Hatshepsut, Karnak Temple, Luxor
Pharaoh Senusret I, Al-Masalla area of Al-Matariyyah district in Heliopolis, Cairo
Pharaoh Ramses III, Luxor Museum
Pharaoh Ramses II, Gezira Island, Cairo. 20,4 m (67 ft)
Pharaoh Ramses II, Cairo International Airport. 16.97 m (55.7 ft)
Pharaoh Seti II, Karnak Temple, Luxor. 7 m (23 ft)
In France, there is only one obelisk:
Pharaoh Ramses II, Luxor Obelisk, in Place de la Concorde, Paris. 23 m (75 ft)
In the city of Italy, there are 13 obelisks (including the only one located in the Vatican City):
Rome has eight ancient Egyptian obelisks, which are:
Lateranense of Tuthmosis III / Tuthmosis IV, Piazza di san Giovanni in Laterano, Rome
Vaticano, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City
Flamini, Seti I / Ramses II, Piazza del Poplo, Rome
Macuteo, Ramses II,Piazza della Rotonda. Rome
Dogali, Ramses II, Baths of Diocletian, Rome
Matteiano, Ramses II, Villa Celimontana, Rome
Solare, Psammetichus II, Piazza di Montecitorio, Rome
Minerveo, Apries, Santa Maria Sopra Minerva, Rome
There are other obelisks within Italy, such as:
Piazza del Duomo, Catania (Sicily)
Benevento, two obelisks
Boboli Obelisk (Florence)
Urbino
Poland has one obelisk:
Ramses II, Poznań Archaeological Museum, Poznań
Turkey has one obelisk:
Pharaoh Tuthmosis III, the Obelisk of Theodosius in the Hippodrome, Istanbul.
The United Kingdom holds four obelisks:
Pharaoh Tuthmosis III, "Cleopatra's Needle", on Victoria Embankment, London. 21 m (69 ft)
Pharaoh Amenhotep II, in the Oriental Museum, University of Durham
Pharaoh Ptolemy IX, Philae obelisk, at Kingston Lacy, near Wimborne Minster, Dorset
Pharaoh Nectanebo II, British Museum, London
The United States has one obelisk:
Pharaoh Tuthmosis III, "Cleopatra's Needle", in Central Park, New York. 21 m (70 ft)
The Largest Ancient Egyptian Obelisk
The largest obelisk ever built but was never raised is "The Unfinished Obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut" due to a crack found on it during the carving process. It would have measured 137 ft(42m) and weighed 1,200 tons. The tallest and largest standing obelisk is the Lateran Obelisk in Rome in the square on the west side of the Lateran Basilica, which reaches a height of 105.6 ft (32.2 m) and a weight of 455 metric tons.
The ancient Egyptians used materials such as copper and stone to create the obelisks plus came up with many advanced manners of quarry, transport which was documented through inscriptions, drawings on temple walls, and ancient manuscripts, but the secret to how the obelisk was raised, to its position on its base is still a mystery.