/pnd/ - Politics, News, Debate

>>238694

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height—despite known allometric inaccuracies[a]—is over 30 kg/m2; the range 25–30 kg/m2 is defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity is correlated with various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. High BMI is a marker of risk, but not proven to be a direct cause, for diseases caused by diet, physical activity, and environmental factors.A reciprocal link has been found between obesity and depression, with obesity increasing the risk of clinical depressionand also depression leading to a higher chance of developing obesity.

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F A T F U C K L O S E S O M E W E I G H T

>>238659

>>238694

>>238659

>>238694

Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and environmental causes, including diet, physical activity, automation, urbanization, genetic susceptibility, medications, mental disorders, economic policies, endocrine disorders, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals.[1][4][12][13] While a majority of obese individuals at any given time are attempting to lose weight and often successful, research shows that maintaining that weight loss over the long term proves to be rare.[14] The reasons for weight cycling are not fully understood but may include decreased energy expenditure combined with increased biological urge to eat during and after caloric restriction.[14] More studies are needed to determine if weight cycling and yo-yo dieting contribute to inflammation and disease risk in obese individuals.[14]

Obesity prevention requires a complex approach, including interventions at community, family, and individual levels.[1][11] Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments recommended by health professionals.[2] Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat or sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber.[1] However, large-scale analyses have found an inverse relationship between energy density and energy cost of foods in developed nations.[15] Low-income populations are more likely to live in neighborhoods that are considered "food deserts" or "food swamps" where nutritional groceries are less available.[16] Medications can be used, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption.[5] If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or length of the intestines, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.[6][17]

Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children.[1][18] In 2015, 600 million adults (12%) and 100 million children were obese in 195 countries.[7] Obesity is more common in women than in men.[1] Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century.[19] Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world.[2][20] In 2013, several medical societies, including the American Medical Association and the American Heart Association, classified obesity as a disease.[21][22][23]

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>>238694

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health.[25] It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.[26][27] BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat.[28] In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile.[29] The reference data on which these percentiles were based date from 1963 to 1994, and thus have not been affected by the recent increases in weight.[30] BMI is defined as the subject's weight divided by the square of their height and is calculated as follows,

B M I = m h 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {BMI} ={\frac {m}{h^{2}}}} {\mathrm {BMI}}={\frac {m}{h^{2}}},

where m and h are the subject's weight and height, respectively.

BMI is usually expressed in kilograms of weight per metre squared of height. To convert from pounds per inch squared multiply by 703 (kg/m2)/(lb/sq in).[31]

The most commonly used definitions, established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 and published in 2000, provide the values listed in the table.[32][33]

Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular organizations.[34] The surgical literature breaks down class II and III obesity into further categories whose exact values are still disputed.[35]

Any BMI ≥ 35 or 40 kg/m2 is severe obesity.

A BMI of ≥ 35 kg/m2 and experiencing obesity-related health conditions or ≥40–44.9 kg/m2 is morbid obesity.

A BMI of ≥ 45 or 50 kg/m2 is super obesity.

As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at a lower BMI than Caucasians, some nations have redefined obesity; Japan has defined obesity as any BMI greater than 25 kg/m2[10] while China uses a BMI of greater than 28 kg/m2.[34]

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>>238659

>>238694

The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity posits that consumption of processed, high–glycemic-load carbohydrates produce hormonal changes that promote calorie deposition in adipose tissue, exacerbate hunger, and lower energy expenditure.[88] The a calorie is a calorie model of obesity posits a combination of excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical activity as the cause of most cases of obesity.[89] A limited number of cases are due primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric illness.[13] In contrast, increasing rates of obesity at a societal level are felt to be due to an easily accessible and palatable diet,[90] increased reliance on cars, and mechanized manufacturing.[91][92]

A 2006 review identified ten other possible contributors to the recent increase of obesity: (1) insufficient sleep, (2) endocrine disruptors (environmental pollutants that interfere with lipid metabolism), (3) decreased variability in ambient temperature, (4) decreased rates of smoking, because smoking suppresses appetite, (5) increased use of medications that can cause weight gain (e.g., atypical antipsychotics), (6) proportional increases in ethnic and age groups that tend to be heavier, (7) pregnancy at a later age (which may cause susceptibility to obesity in children), (8) epigenetic risk factors passed on generationally, (9) natural selection for higher BMI, and (10) assortative mating leading to increased concentration of obesity risk factors (this would increase the number of obese people by increasing population variance in weight).[93] According to the Endocrine Society, there is "growing evidence suggesting that obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system, rather than simply arising from the passive accumulation of excess weight".[94]

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>>238694

nobody listens to fat stupid slobs

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>>238727

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