I can explain prayer, if it helps. Note that Islam defines prayer specifically as the strict ritual, but we can still use rosaries and praise or ask God for help in the same way Christians do. If it helps with searching, Islamic prayer is known as salah in Arabic, and putting your hands together to praise God or ask for help is know as duaa.
>Structure
Prayer is done in units (rakats in Arabic). The mostly follow the same structure:
>Standing, reciting verse 1 of the Quran followed by any other verse
>Bowing, while praising God
>Standing again, as a break between bowing and prostration
>Prostration, while praising God
>Kneeling, as a break
>Prostration, while praising God
>Starting the next unit
As an example, if a prayer is 4 units you'd do that 4 times. Most prayers are 2, 3 or 4 units long, so they don't take that long. All Muslims have to follow the same structure, but concessions are made for people who physically can't do it.
Muslims can pray alone or in congregation. in a congregation, the guy in front does most of the talking, and everyone else does his actions after he does them. Mosques host congregations for all 5 obligatory prayers, but you can also just go in and pray outside the congregation times.
>Timings
Prayer times are calculated by the position of the sun. There are 5 main times, and 3 where prayer isn't allowed.
>Dawn(fajr), dawn to sun starting to rise
<disallowed time, during sunrise
<disallowed time, when the sun is at it's peak
>Noon(zuhr), from when the sun starts to sink to afternoon
>Afternoon(asr), from afternoon to when the sun starts to set
>disallowed time, during sunset
>Sunset(maghrib), from sun fully setting to twilight
>Night(ishaa), from twilight to dawn
The easiest way to know what time it is is to just look for the sun. Mosques usually print out timetables from astronomical calculations as well, like pic related.
Each time has a prayer that has to be done during the time. The times are usually flexible enough that you can work prayer around other tasks.
>Prayer types
There are obligatory(fard) prayers that have to be done. Missing them counts as a sin.
There are also recommended prayers as done by the early Muslims (sunnah), which are either before or after the obligatory one. Generally anyone who bothers to do the obligatory one does these too, because they're convenient. They can be missed, but missing them is supposed to be an exception rather than the norm.
You can also just pray whatever you want on top(nafl). As long as you aren't in a disallowed time you can decide on whatever prayer length you want and just do it.
>General observance
Most Muslims I've met fulfil the 5 daily prayers. The ones I know who don't try to make excuses, which is a bit unfortunate. Pretty much all the ones who pray will also pray the recommended prayers, and about half of them do optional prayers.
Muslims have Friday sermons, instead of Sunday. On Fridays, the Noon prayer is replaced by a 2 unit Friday prayer done in congregation. The Friday prayer is usually when most Muslims are at the mosque, because it has to be done in one.
There was a Christian guy who wrote an article about praying 5 times a day. You might find it helpful: https://religionnews.com/2018/04/03/during-lent-a-christian-tries-praying-5-times-a-day/
