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Thyroid hormones: their role in testicular steroidogenesis.
>Thyroid hormones are important for growth and development of many tissues. Altered thyroid hormone status causes testicular abnormalities. […] T3 stimulates Sertoli cell lactate secretion as well as mRNA expression of inhibin-alpha, androgen receptor, IGF-I, and IGFBP-4. It also inhibits Sertoli cell mRNA expression of Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), aromatase, estradiol receptor, and androgen binding protein (ABP) and ABP secretion. […] [T3] stimulates basal and LH-induced secretion of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol by Leydig cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893516
Leydig cells, thyroid hormones and steroidogenesis
>Thyroid hormones acutely stimulate Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Thyroid hormones cause proliferation of the cytoplasmic organelle peroxisome and stimulate the production of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and StAR mRNA in Leydig cells; both peroxisomes and StAR are linked with the transport of cholesterol, the obligatory intermediate in steroid hormone biosynthesis, into mitochondria. […] Additionally, out of all cell types in the testis, the thyrotropin.releasing hormone (TRH), TRH mRNA and TRH receptor are present exclusively in Leydig cells.
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23265
The role of thyroid hormone in testicular development and function
>Although for many years testis has been regarded as a thyroid hormone unresponsive organ, it is now evident that thyroid hormone plays an important role in testicular development and function. A considerable amount of data show that thyroid hormone influences steroidogenesis as well as spermatogenesis. The involvement of tri-iodothyronine (T3) in the control of Sertoli cell proliferation and functional maturation is widely accepted, as well as its role in postnatal Leydig cell differentiation and steroidogenesis. The presence of thyroid hormone receptors in testicular cells throughout development and in adulthood implies that T3 may act directly on these cells to bring about its effects.
http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/content/199/3/351.short
Changes in the Testis Interstitium of Brown Norway Rats with Aging and Effects of Luteinizing and Thyroid Hormones on the Aged Testes in Enhancing the Steroidogenic Potential
>These findings show that with 24+5-μg dose of LH+T4 per day for 4 wk, a 100% recovery of the average volume of a Leydig cell and its steroidogenic ability in vitro and a 73% and 300% restoration of serum testosterone levels compared to 3M and 19M control rats, respectively, could be achieved in aged Brown Norway rats. A 100% reversibility (compared to 3M rats) in serum testosterone levels appears to be possible with adjustments in the LH and T4 doses in the LH+T4 treatment.
https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article/66/5/1359/2723901
Effect of retinol and retinoic acid on testosterone production by rat Leydig cells in primary culture
>It was found that both retinoic acid and retinol stimulated testosterone production. Although retinol was less potent than retinoic acid, retinol had the greater efficacy. […] These results demonstrate for the first time that retinol and retinoic acid have a direct effect on Leydig cell steroidogenesis in culture suggesting that retinoids play a role in the maintenance and regulation of Leydig cell function.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X89800610
An in vitro cell model system to study the action of retinoids on Leydig cell steroidogenesis.
>Results showed that both retinol and retinoic acid greatly increased progesterone production in this cloned cell line. […] Both previous and present findings suggest that retinoids play an important role in the regulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis
http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/1964377
Retinoic acids up-regulate steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene
>The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein plays essential roles in the delivery of cytosolic cholesterol into the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is an acute regulated and rate-limiting step for the steroid hormone synthesis. Since retinoic acids (RAs) are known to induce the synthesis of steroid hormones in mouse Leydig cells in vitro, mouse Leydig tumour cells, K28, were used to determine the effect of RAs on the level of StAR mRNA by Northern blot analysis. The level of StAR mRNA reached the maximum in a 4–8 h treatment with all-trans-RA (atRA) or 9-cis-RA (9cRA), and the effects were dose-dependent.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303720798002433