>>564762
Having read enough of Aquinas and of Palamas to have a moderate idea of their doctrines and methodology… I have no clue what you have in mind here.
>>564623
Primacy of the Pope instituted by God, thus the Church of Rome remains orthodox -> Catholic
The Church of Rome remains orthodox, thus primacy of the Pope instituted by man -> Orthodox
There are many other differences, but the only reason they snowballed into a 1000-year long schism, besides Byzantine pride and the Pope not caring, is this very issue of what exactly is the mission of the Pope within the Church and where this authority comes from.
For secondary (but still major) disagreements, from most to least difficult to handle…
- The intermediary state of the soul before the final judgment (Catholic: full Heaven/Hell or Purgatory for those headed for Heaven but not purified of venial sin, and prayer & penance can get one out of Purgatory faster; Orthodox: partial Heaven/Hell, and prayer & penance can get one out of Hell)
- The form and intention of baptism (while Orthodox baptisms are valid from a Catholic perspective, it's more difficult to say from an Orthodox perspective, as wrong intentions suffice to make a baptism invalid, and one may argue that baptism by sprinkling is a wrong intention as it was originally reserved for urgent situations. Same goes for the Eucharist, with the autism over leavened vs unleavened bread and communion under a single kind)
- The theory of original sin, guilt, & divine retribution that is that of Augustine and, more particularly, of Anselm (they can be understood as a theologoumenon in Catholicism but can simply not be anything but anathema in Orthodoxy)
- The Amazing Filioque (would've been °1 on the list a century ago, but nowadays we're done surprising progress)
- Disciplines for fasts & liturgies (the East always saw the West as having watered-down, lazy disciplines, but this is worse since Vatican II)