In 1970s America the weapons that served well in Korea were suddenly believed obsolete because of the Vietnam war loss. As a result of this what did we do wrong panic, one thing that was thought is that the 5.56 M16 and the 7.62 M60 did not complement each other well, and that it was too logistically flawed to have two different cartridges at squad level. This was wrong, but not the topic of this thread.
In comes the SAW (squad automatic weapon) competition! This was a solely American competition in the 70s to produce a unitary cartridge that would replace both the 5.56 and the 7.62 with a single cartridge. After a grueling testing process, the bullet agreed on was the 6x45mm, which was slightly higher in energy than 5.56 at 2kJ instead of 1.8kJ, but had a much higher momentum which let it fly longer and be effective at similar ranges to a 7.62.
Pic 1 - Brunswick (leeeaaffff)
Pic 2 - Ford Aerospace XM234
Pic 3 - Ford Aerospace XM248
Pic 4 - Rodman labs
Pic 5 - Maremont
There were others, but those are the main.
More overview:
http://weaponsman.com/?p=11476
http://weaponsman.com/?p=11494