I think that the barrel heating problem could be partially mitigated by designing a trunnion that can be annealed (PLA can be annealed by dipping it for a period of time into boiling water. Annealing will make the material stronger and more heat resistant at the cost of warping).
One of the other guys who is into this stuff (Jeffrod) came up with a method to cut rifling through ECM (electro-chemical machining). I proposed the idea to make barrels with this method, and have a machine idea set up, but just haven't had the time to put it into practice. A bolt may possibly be a problem depending on the heat treatment and steel quality. Barrels are normally made with very strong 4140/4150 heat treated alloy steel.