/fit/ - Fitness, Health, Exercise, Dieting, etc

>>139828

Serotonin may be the primary factor.

Nelson, Randy J., and Silvana Chiavegatto. Molecular basis of aggression. Trends in neurosciences 24.12 (2001): 713-719.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01996-2

>serotonin (5-HT) remains the primary molecular determinant of inter-male aggression, whereas other molecules appear to act indirectly through 5-HT signaling.

Estrogen is the primary gonadal steroid for aggression but even more so when combined with DHT, while DHT in itself doesn't contribute.

Finney, Harry C., and Michael J. Erpino. Synergistic effect of estradiol benzoate and dihydrotestosterone on aggression in mice. Hormones and behavior 7.4 (1976): 391-400.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0018-506X(76)90010-6

>Estradiol benzoate (EB) in combination with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) elicited aggression equivalent to that shown by intact, sham-operated animals and by testosterone-treated subjects. EB alone was less effective than EB with DHT. DHT alone elicited no more aggression than that observed in control animals.

A deficiency of progesterone contributes

Albert, D. J., R. H. Jonik, and M. L. Walsh. Interaction of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone in the modulation of hormone-dependent aggression in the female rat. Physiology & behavior 52.4 (1992): 773-779.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(92)90413-V

>At the first aggression test, females with estradiol and testosterone alone displayed significantly more aggression than females with these hormones plus progesterone. Both groups were more aggressive than females without hormone replacement.>post shit that makes the fires rage inside you

Darkness, winter, and short days in general does as well.

Trainor, Brian C., M. Sima Finy, and Randy J. Nelson. Rapid effects of estradiol on male aggression depend on photoperiod in reproductively non-responsive mice. Hormones and behavior 53.1 (2008): 192-199.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.016

>In three genuses and four species of rodents, housing in winter-like short days (8L:16D) increases male aggressive behavior. In all of these species, males undergo short-day induced regression of the reproductive system. […] However, males housed in short days were significantly more aggressive than males housed in long days. Similar to previous work in beach mice (Peromyscus polionotus), estradiol rapidly increased aggression when male California mice were housed in short days but not when housed in long days.

>>139830

Serotonin is a hormone made in response to stress, so it's more accurate to say stress is the main factor and rage is one reaction to stress. Nevertheless, serotonin's primal functions may make anger a likely result. Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has excitatory and inhibitory effects which create tension. While this tension may shutdown organisms to a frozen hibernation of helplessness and depression, the response to being trapped is sometimes a sudden outburst of anger to break through chains of tension.

The way serotonin freezes organisms is hinted at by how it plays a fundamental role in the behavior of inhibition:

>We demonstrate that C. elegans uses biogenic amines to switch between distinct crawling and swimming gaits. Dopamine is necessary and sufficient to initiate and maintain crawling after swimming. Serotonin is necessary and sufficient to transition from crawling to swimming and to inhibit a set of crawl-specific behaviors.

—Vidal-Gadea, Andrés, et al, 2011

This inhibition is not just behavioral, however. It affects the whole organism from body to brain, and it can seem fairly benign in the case of walking gait or alternatively more malicious when out of balance:

>Serotonin (5-HT) plays a central role in the neurochemistry of the learned helplessness animal model of depression.

—Wu, Jianhua, et al, 1999

It's contribution to despair might be seen as intrinsic to its inhibitive, freezing nature:

>Basal 5HT levels in rats perfused before exposure to tail-shock stress did not themselves correlate with subsequent learned helplessness behavior. However, 5HT release after stress showed a significant increase with helpless behavior. These data support the hypothesis that a cortical serotonergic excess is causally related to the development of learned helplessness.

—Petty, Frederick, et al, 1994

And is doubly confirmed by the livening effect of its antagonism:

>Rats previously subjected to a session of 60 inescapable foot-shocks exhibited a deficit of escape performance in three subsequent shuttle-box sessions. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonists administered i.p. twice daily on a chronic schedule (zacopride 0.03-2 mg/kg per day; ondansetron and ICS 205-930: 0.125-2 mg/kg per day) reduced the number of escape failures at low to moderate daily doses.

—Martin, Patrick, Henri Gozlan, and Alain J. Puech, 1992

• Vidal-Gadea, Andrés, et al. Caenorhabditis elegans selects distinct crawling and swimming gaits via dopamine and serotonin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.42 (2011): 17504-17509.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108673108

⤓ http://www.pnas.org/content/108/42/17504.full.pdf

• Wu, Jianhua, et al. Serotonin and learned helplessness: a regional study of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A receptors and the serotonin transport site in rat brain. Journal of psychiatric research 33.1 (1999): 17-22.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3956(98)00041-7

⤓ http://www.journalofpsychiatricresearch.com/article/S0022-3956(98)00041-7/pdf

• Petty, Frederick, et al. In vivo serotonin release and learned helplessness. Psychiatry research 52.3 (1994): 285-293.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(94)90074-4

⤓ http://www.psy-journal.com/article/0165-1781(94)90074-4/pdf

• Martin, Patrick, Henri Gozlan, and Alain J. Puech. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists reverse helpless behaviour in rats. European journal of pharmacology 212.1 (1992): 73-78.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(92)90074-E

• Angoa-Perez, Mariana, et al. Mice genetically depleted of brain serotonin do not display a depression-like behavioral phenotype. ACS chemical neuroscience 5.10 (2014): 908-919.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1021/cn500096g

⤓ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4777283/pdf/nihms763252.pdf

>Mice lacking the gene for TPH2 are genetically depleted of brain 5HT and were tested for a depression-like behavioral phenotype using a battery of valid tests for affective-like disorders in animals.

…

>The behavioral phenotype of the TPH2-/- mouse questions the role of 5HT in depression.

• Ener, Rasih Atilla, et al. Serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic disorders. Pain Medicine 4.1 (2003): 63-74.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03005.x

⤓ http://sci-hub.hk/10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03005.x

>Neuromuscular excitability, including myoclonus, rigidity, and/or tremor, is present 50% of the time [6],

• Bubenik, G. A. The Effect of Serotonin, N‐Acetylserotonin, and Melatonin on Spontaneous Contractions of Isolated Rat Intestine. Journal of pineal research 3.1 (1986): 41-54.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1986.tb00725.x

⤓ http://sci-hub.hk/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1986.tb00725.x

>A dose‐dependent increase in tone and reduction in amplitude of contractions was observed after serotonin (5‐HT) was administered to isolated segments of rat ileum,

• Majno, G., et al. Contraction of granulation tissue in vitro: similarity to smooth muscle. Science 173.3996 (1971): 548-550.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3996.548

⤓ http://sci-hub.hk/10.1126/science.173.3996.548

>5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (1 X 10-5 g per milliliter of Tyrode's solution, final concentration in the bath) caused an immediate contraction of such strips (Fig. 1A),

• Sung, David, et al. Serotonin (5-HT) excites rat masticatory muscle afferent fibers through activation of peripheral 5-HT3 receptors. Pain 134.1-2 (2008): 41-50.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.03.034

>The present results indicate that 5-HT excites slowly conducting masticatory muscle afferent fibers through activation of peripheral 5-HT3 receptors, and suggest that similar mechanisms may contribute to 5-HT-evoked muscle pain in human subjects.

• Ram, Jeffrey L., Umesh A. Shukla, and Gurjit S. Ajimal. Serotonin has both excitatory and inhibitory modulatory effects on feeding muscles in Aplysia. Developmental Neurobiology 12.6 (1981): 613-621.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480120609

• Stahl, S. M., and H. Y. Meltzer. Serotonin accumulation by skeletal muscle. Experimental neurology 54.1 (1977): 42-53.

☞ https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(77)90233-3

>The properties of serotonin accumulation by rat extensor digitorum longus muscles have been characterized. No evidence was found for an active transport process

…

>These findings suggest that serotonin transport into skeletal muscle is mediated via passive diffusion followed by tissue binding.

>>139831

Is the answer then to increase or supplement serotonin and estrogen to increase motivation?

All this talk on the roles of various hormones has been dancing around an illusion—one regarding the nature of motivation. What has been illustrated so far is that rage is reactionary behavior to stress and the types of hormones which are made in response to stress. Serotonin's goal is to create tension and rigidity to shy away from pain and suffering and estrogen's is to multiply cells in the face of oncoming death. How can one rightly call these motivational if their deepest sources are chains of fear and basic survival? The only true motivation is intrinsic. When actions are derived from joyful spontaneity and freedom, the higher nature of mankind is revealed and divine grace is made manifest.

>>139828

Totalfaggot wouldn't have died if he actually took care of his body instead of being a fat disgusting slob.

>>139848

pretty sure the cancer would have killed him either way

>>139886

Fat feeds cancer

>>139892

>this is a muscle board

By all means continue ogling muscular men and their manly features to your heart's content. Nobody can stop you. Meanwhile, I can summarize the main points I want to get across:

Serotonin—the alleged "happiness" hormone by the SSRI peddling pharmaceutical merchants—is intimately tied with depression and anger.

Estrogen is surprisingly effective at creating aggression but not androgens by themselves. (This is why it is frowned upon to act like a "little bitch"—an astute label for those lacking noble character.)

Rage is not a way to create intrinsic motivation but is rather a reactionary response to certain kinds of stress. When man finds liberation, his true motivations are revealed, so the notion of finding rage to generate motivation is criticized or at least better characterized so informed decisions can be made.

I think it's great if you want to post stuff to fire yourselves up. I just had to throw in my 2 cents to see what people might say in response to having stones thrown at their intuition.

>>139893

>Estrogen is surprisingly effective at creating aggression but not androgens by themselves

That's what my intuition tells me.

>>139830

>Estrogen is the primary gonadal steroid for aggression

Your quote says EQUAL TO testosterone-treated subjects, and that the male hormone DHT increases the aggression from estrogen. Do you know what aromatizing means by the way? An aroma has a structural strength greater than other molecules with the same atomic weight/count. Thinking of this in terms of body and muscle, to gain muscle you want it to be somewhat weak lb per lb, but absolutely strong overall, but when you have a shit ton of muscle, you want to 'aromatize' that shit and thus increase your level of aggression to retarded life and death levels in order to create steel and become very useful in combat, with gymnastic or Bruce Lee level lb per lb strength. This doesn't necessarily align with common sense though; there has to be two different kinds of aromatizing. Military men are higher test than other men, but MMA fighters have the same fucking test as anyone else. I think the difference is that in the military, you're full of cortisol, adrenaline, and you are breaking out of tension and locks to survive, whilst in the MMA you can be as loose and undisciplined as you want to be.

The seratonin stuff is great though, and I think connects to what I'm saying. This is why those devoid of happiness never get depressed, and why video games aren't about fun. It seems that seratonin would be the main hormone to utilize if performing isometrics or weight lifting, however. You don't want to escape when 400 lbs is on your back, and you don't want to escape when performing an isometric for fitness. Makes it seem like the "just deal with it" hormone honestly. More importantly it prevents you from running away such as in a war. The lockdown seratonin and cortisol has to be overcome like resistance then, and the positive hormones are forced to be created.

The best gains comes from overcoming life and death struggles, extreme stress and training, and oppressive stress. You see weight lifters talk about the iron like a spiritual calling to war… you catch my drift?