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Mitochondrial uncoupling and lifespan
>the ideal balance between nutrient uptake, its transduction into usable energy, and the mitigation of damaging byproducts can be regulated by mitochondrial respiration and output (ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and heat). Mitochondrial inefficiency through proton leak, which uncouples substrate oxidation from ADP phosphorylation, can comprise as much as 30% of the basal metabolic rate. This uncoupling is hypothesized to protect cells from conditions that favor ROS production. Uncoupling can also occur through pharmacological induction of proton leak and activity of the uncoupling proteins. Mitochondrial uncoupling is implicated in lifespan extension through its effects on metabolic rate and ROS production.
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>This “rate of living” hypothesis predicts that increased metabolic rate per gram tissue correlates with shorter lifespan and vice versa. However, multiple examples of size-matched and metabolic rate-matched animals with significantly different lifespans, both ectothermic and endothermic, have contradicted rate-of-living as the sole determinant of aging (e.g., rats/pigeons (Barja, 1998), snakes (Robert et al., 2007), bats/mice (Jürgens and Prothero, 1987), deer mice/lab mice (Ungvari et al., 2008), naked mole rats (O'Connor et al., 2002).
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>In a different study, a tightly-coupled muscle group showed greater deterioration with age than a relatively uncoupled one (Amara et al., 2007).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2924931/
Effects of acute and chronic endurance exercise on mitochondrial uncoupling in human skeletal muscle
>When expressed per unit of CS (a marker of mitochondrial volume) UCP3 and UCR decreased by 54% and 18%(P < 0.05). CS increased by 43% after acute exercise and remained elevated after 3 h of recovery (P < 0.05), whereas the other muscle parameters remained unchanged.
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>Previous studies in humans have shown that UCP3 mRNA expression is increased after acute exercise (Pilegaard et al. 2000) but unchanged after endurance training (Tonkonogi et al. 2000a).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664806/
Reduced mitochondrial coupling in vivo alters cellular energetics in aged mouse skeletal muscle
>The mitochondrial theory of ageing proposes that the accumulation of oxidative damage to mitochondria leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue degeneration with age. However, no consensus has emerged regarding the effects of ageing on mitochondrial function, particularly for mitochondrial coupling (P/O).
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>These results indicate a nearly 50% reduction in the mitochondrial P/O in the aged animals (2.05 ± 0.07 versus 1.05 ± 0.36, P= 0.02). The higher resting ADP (30.8 ± 6.8 versus 58.0 ± 9.5 μmol g−1, P= 0.05) and decreased energy charge (ATP/ADP) (274 ± 70 versus 84 ± 16, P= 0.03) in the aged mice is consistent with an impairment of oxidative ATP synthesis. Despite the reduced P/O, uncoupling protein 3 protein levels were not different in the muscles of the two groups. These results demonstrate reduced mitochondrial coupling in aged skeletal muscle that alters cellular metabolism and energetics.
Effect of triiodothyronine on mitochondrial energy coupling in human skeletal muscle
>Given the disproportionate increase in TCA cycle flux compared with ATP synthesis, these data suggest that T₃ promotes increased thermogenesis in part by promoting mitochondrial energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC209375/
The ω6-fatty acid, arachidonic acid, regulates the conversion of white to brite adipocyte through a prostaglandin/calcium mediated pathway
>Brite adipocytes are inducible energy-dissipating cells expressing UCP1 which appear within white adipose tissue of healthy adult individuals. Recruitment of these cells represents a potential strategy to fight obesity and associated diseases.
>Methods/Results
>Using human Multipotent Adipose-Derived Stem cells, able to convert into brite adipocytes, we show that arachidonic acid strongly inhibits brite adipocyte formation via a cyclooxygenase pathway leading to secretion of PGE2 and PGF2α. Both prostaglandins induce an oscillatory Ca++ signaling coupled to ERK pathway and trigger a decrease in UCP1 expression and in oxygen consumption without altering mitochondriogenesis.
>Conclusion
>Our results suggest that dietary excess of ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids present in Western diets, may also favor obesity by preventing the “browning” process to take place.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264041/