Recently I've been reading a book called Faith, Reason, and Earth History the 3rd edition, and I'd like to post the history of evolutionary thinking and how it basically started. This took me thirty minutes to type from the book so please bear with me.
"For centuries, people thought that species did not change after they were created by God. This belief in fixity of species, which originated primarily from Greek science, began to unravel at least as early as the mid-1700s. A number of individuals developed concepts that later contributed to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
Compte de Buffon (1707-1788) recognized the evidence for variability of organic forms. He suggested that organisms have changed through the operation of a system of laws, without divine action, to produce the great variety that we see in nature. He said that weaker species die out, and he anticipated, at least partially, the concepts of natural selection and the struggly for survival. William Charles Wells (1757-1817) s uggested that new forms arise by chance variations and even applied natural selection to humans. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) had a strictly materialistic view of nature. He had learned that change occurs in the geological structure of the earth, so he thought it likely that animals would also change since they depended on their enviorment. He postulated an evolution theory (called his development hypothesis) with evolution of new species and evolutionary progression from the simplest forms of life to humanity. He discussed the evolution of humankind explicitly.
His mechanism for this process was quite different from modern evolutionary thinking. He said that as animals and plants interact with their enviorment, changes are cause by (1) felt needs, (2) use and disuse, and (3) the inheritance of acquired characters. In other words, if an ancient protogiraffe felt the need to reach higher to get more food, its neck would get longer because of stretching to reach new heights. This acquired characteristic would be inherited by the next generation.
Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), the grandfather of Charles Darwin, also proposed a theory of evolution. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) was an economist who wrote 'Essay on the Principle of Population', a study of the nature of the growth of human populations. Insights gained from reading his book laid the foundation for Charles Darwin's understanding of the concept of survival of the fittest - many excess individuals are produced but will not survive.
By the early 1800's, these ideas were present in the scientific world, but they had not been put together in one coherent theory. Edward Blyth, a man about the same age as Charles Darwin, probably made a significant contribution to Darwin's understanding of natural selection, though Darwin never gave him credit. Blyth wrote articles on natural selection in the 'The Magazine of Natural History' in 1835 and 1837. "The leading tenets of Darwin's work - the struggly for existence, variation, natural selection and sexual selection - are all fully expressed in Blyth's paper of 1835." However, Blyth was not an evolutionist; he viewed natural selection as a conserving rather than a creative force, mainting kinds of animals by eliminating the weak individuals. Patrick Matthew, a fruit grower, also published the principle of natural selection over two decades before Darwin's book.
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