>>928992 (OP)
>good comprehensive resource on all this sort of stuff out there
No, and that would be too hard to maintain. You learn things as the demand for them arises. If you set your own challenges, you'll know when you need SSH because at some point you're going to want to remotely control a server. Starting out with the goal of "I want to know everything" is completely wrong. What do you want to accomplish right now? Once you can answer that, right down what you'd need to know, and chase down all the dependencies.
I'm sure there are academic courses out there which help organize some of the knowledge you're going to need in the real world, but in my opinion it's far more efficient to learn on demand, as you need it. That doesn't just mean reading a wikipedia page either, if for instance you want to really understand image processing algorithms, you'll first have to devote a significant amount of time to learning the requisite mathematics.
Sage because OP, really how do you even get through life expecting everything to be laid out for you? Computing skills are no different than any other. If you wanted to become an arborist, it's not like you can buy one book on trees and then suddenly become a master.